What Are the 20+ Most Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) to Choose a Vasectomy Reversal Doctor in 2023?

These 20+ frequently asked questions (FAQ) and answers are compiled by vasectomy reversal microsurgeon, instructor and global authority, Dr. Sheldon H. F. Marks of the International Center for Vasectomy Reversal, to help each couple to find the best vasectomy reversal doctor with the very highest vas reversal success rate with the fewest complications.

The first 11 are the patient’s most frequently asked questions followed by questions that top vas reversal doctors recommend that patients would be wise to ask.

Listen to the doctor’s answers to these questions. Even more important, listen to what they don’t say or how they avoid the answer. Whether the vasectomy reversal works and so the dream of a baby after a vasectomy will often depend on the doctor that is selected.

Patient’s Most Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Vasectomy Reversals

1.What is the doctor’s vasectomy reversal success rate?

Top experts can achieve up to a 99.5% vasectomy reversal success rate for vas-to-vas connections using the new Marks Vas Cutting Forceps and a precision multi-layer (3 to 4 layer) microsurgical technique (1). It is important to ask the doctor’s success numbers (% of men with return of motile sperm into the semen) to help each couple find those with the highest success rates. The higher the doctor’s success, the better the chances that each couple will achieve the dream of having children together. After all, isn’t this what the reversal surgery is all about?

Of course, every doctor that performs vas reversals will have successes and happy couples. As with any technically challenging surgery, the top urologic microsurgery experts usually provide the very highest success rates with the fewest complications, and so give their patients the very highest chances for realizing their goal of restoring his fertility.

It is smart to ask how the doctor came up with his reverse vasectomy success rates. Did the doctor quote the published success of top experts as if these were their own results? Most would agree that though it’s good to know what is possible, it is best to know what that specific doctor is able to achieve for his or her patients. The doctors of ICVR have a published, proven vasectomy reversal success rate of 99.5% for vas-to-vas connections.

Considering what’s at stake and the consequences for choosing a vas reversal surgeon with a lower success rate, isn’t it smart to seek out a vasectomy reversal doctor with the highest vasectomy reversal successes?

2.What does a vasectomy reversal cost in 2023?

Vas reversals in 2023 can cost anywhere in the US from $800 up to $80,000 or more, but usually not for the same procedure and most likely not for the same reverse vasectomy success rates. Though here at ICVR we charge $9800, most of the top vas reversal experts charge from $10,000 to $15,000 with some up to about $18,000. It is smart to research each doctor and ask for the total all inclusive, “out-of-pocket” cost. We often hear of men that receive surprise bills weeks to months later. Also, some doctors charge more if they have to perform a vas-to-epididymal bypass or if they provide sperm banking.

ICVR has always offered a fixed, no-surprise cost of $9800 with unlimited aftercare and sperm banking at no charge. Whether we do a straightforward customized 3 to 4-layer vas-to-vas connection or a more challenging precision epididymal bypass that can take an extra hour or two more, our patient’s costs never go up.

Why does the cost of a vasectomy reversal vary so widely?

The wide difference in cost of a vas reversal has to do with many factors. Of course, most often big cities and those on the coasts tend to be more expensive. Insiders know that there are many fixed overhead costs that most will not compromise. There are some vas reversal techniques that are quicker or cheaper. Other doctors don’t provide close aftercare. Some charge less but perform multiple vas reversals in a day.

We suggest that it is logical to first identify the doctors that are true world-class experts, respected by their colleagues and that offer the highest 99.5% vasectomy reversal success. Once these best-of-the-best doctors have been found, then it makes sense to compare cost and what is received for the money invested. At our full-time, vas reversal only center, we perform redo vas reversals almost weekly on men who tell us that they regret using cost as a primary reason to choose the doctor that performed their failed first attempt. As the old saying goes, “the quality and results are remembered long after the cost is forgotten.”

What does each patient get for that investment?

Even if a doctor offers a discounted vasectomy reversal cost, it is smart to find out what is and is not included. Who actually does the surgery? How many vas reversals does that doctor perform in a day? Ask about aftercare – what if there are questions or issues weeks or months later? Many men do not think they will need aftercare, until they do. Will the doctor review follow-up semen analysis results even many months later and make recommendations for care? Does the doctor offer sperm banking or andrology services at no additional cost? Many do not.

3.Is it important to choose a nearby vas reversal doctor?

Having a top urologic microsurgeon nearby is rarely important. This is a logical question only if each person assumes that all doctors that perform vasectomy reversals offer the same success rate and care. If this were true, then it makes sense to choose a vasectomy reversal doctor nearby based on the convenience of having the surgery just down the street or nearby in town. Unfortunately, this assumption is not accurate for most men as the vasectomy reversal success rates vary widely from doctor to doctor. While some doctors may be happy with a 70%, 80%, and even a 90% success, many top full-time, vas reversal only centers like ICVR are able to achieve up to a 99.5 % success for vas-to-vas connections, usually with much fewer complications. With patients from every state in the US and more than 85 countries around the world, more than 7000 thousand couples have done their research and decided to travel for the very highest success. We suggest couples first find the best doctors that will give them the highest chances to achieve their dream of having a family together and then look at location.

4.Can a vasectomy reversal still work after 10, 15 or 20 years from vasectomy?

Yes, vas reversals can still have a high success rate even after 10, 15 and 20 or more years from vasectomy. Our research shows that the number of years from vasectomy, called the “obstructive interval,” does not directly influence the vasectomy reversal success rates (2,3). Experts know that, in general, the longer the time from vasectomy, the more likely that a deeper epididymal bypass will be needed with a lower success rate (70 to 90% success) than with a straightforward vas-to-vas connection (99.5%) when no epididymal blockage is found. The doctors of ICVR published an important paper showing that the need for a vas-to-epididymal bypass procedure (VE) levels off and plateaus at about 20 years from vasectomy, so the chances for success remains about the same for any number of years past the 20 year mark. Despite what many doctors say, there is no magic number of years when a vasectomy reversal will or will not be successful! Some men need bypasses at 5 years and others at 25 years do not. We are proud to have the world’s record vas reversal 42 years from vasectomy, now with a daughter who has a daughter of her own!

5.Is there any pain during or after the vasectomy reversal?

No, there should not be any significant pain during or after a vas reversal. The good news is that in skilled hands, most men feel no pain and are surprised how comfortable they are during and following the vas reversal. When we do our “house calls” the next day, visiting our patients at their hotel, almost all of our vas reversal patients haven’t even taken a single Tylenol afterwards. It has always baffled me why I hear and read about many men who are sent home with prescriptions for lots of narcotics and who have significant pain that can last for days or weeks after vasectomy reversal elsewhere. There are a number of reasons why we think our patients have no pain. Much of it, I believe, may be that we are not in a hurry or under pressure to get through several vas reversals in a day, nor are we fatigued from earlier microsurgeries as each doctor limits his practice one vasectomy reversal a day. Plus, this one-a-day approach gives us the luxury of time to be especially precise and meticulous throughout and when closing. Plus before we even start, after the sedation kicks in, we instill plenty of short and long acting numbing medicines so the patients never feel any pain.

6. What type of anesthesia is used for vasectomy reversals?

There are three types of anesthesia used by most doctors for vasectomy reversals. The type of anesthesia each doctor uses depends on many factors, most commonly what technique the doctor learned during their urology residency or fellowship training (4).

A. Some doctors prefer to use the oral sedatives “shotgun” approach where each patient is given various sedatives and narcotics to swallow as pills or liquid before the vasectomy reversal begins. Unfortunately, this approach can provide varying and sometimes unpredictable levels of sedation and comfort. Each person may absorb and metabolize these medications differently, which can result in widely inconsistent and variable onset, intensity and duration of the sedation. There is no way to know how each person will absorb and metabolize each of the medications individually and in combination. In my mind, the doctor will always have to assume and worry that the sedation might be too much or not enough. Plus, how does the doctor adjust the level of sedation during the vas reversal?

B. At the other extreme are doctors that use general anesthesia, which for many surgeries is truly a modern miracle, where the patient is put into a deep sleep, totally unaware of the what’s going on. The advantage to this technique is that the men do not feel any pain as they are in a deep, drug induced sleep. There are some concerns that some men can have issues with nausea or vomiting when they wake up. My primary concern is that there can be very rare but very serious complications that I have seen from the general anesthesia (5).

C. In our practice we have found we can achieve the ideal balance that is perfect for our patients by using mild intravenous sedation, which gives each patient all the benefits of the mild sedation without issues with general anesthesia and more control, relaxation and comfort than the “handful of pills” approach. With this mild intravenous sedation technique, the patients are so relaxed that they fall asleep, resting comfortably and pain-free throughout the vas reversal. This technique is nice because it uses only the minimal amount of medication needed, so there are essentially none of the rare but serious risks that can be seen with deeper general anesthesia (6). Yes, many doctors prefer general anesthesia to provide a stable surgical platform but in our experience with more than 7000 patients, movement during the vasectomy reversal is very rare and has not been a problem.

ICVR’s doctors developed and perfected an advanced “MicroPulse” mild sedation technique so every patient is relaxed and sleeps comfortably and safely throughout the vasectomy reversal, waking up feeling great and pain-free afterwards.

7.Can the vasectomy gap be too big to reconnect with a vas reversal?

The length of the vasectomy gap is usually not an issue during a vasectomy reversal. Only on very rare occasions, the vasectomy gap between the two ends of the vas can be too long to safely connect. Most of these were found after a repeat vasectomy when the man’s original vasectomy spontaneously reconnected which restored sperm back to the semen, thus making the man fertile again. When the doctor repeated a second vasectomy, they decided to cut out an extra lengthy segment of the vas so that the cut ends could not reconnect again. We have seen other rare situations when we have to perform an epididymal bypass because of deeper epididymal blockage and the abdominal end of the vas was fixed too high up in the scrotum to safely connect to the epididymis. The good news is that this is a very rare finding in our more than 7000 patients over many decades (6).

8.Will insurance pay for a vasectomy reversal?

Insurance rarely pays for a vasectomy reversal. Be aware that even if the insurance company tells a patient that a vas reversal is a covered or partially covered outpatient surgery, even by a doctor not contracted in the plan, the insurance company later on can and often will refuse to pay anything for the vas reversal.

Even in those very rare situations where the insurance company does pay, it is often only a small fraction of the doctor’s fee, as the insurance company alone gets to decide what they think is “reasonable and customary.” There are some plans that will cover or reimburse the costs of a vas reversal, so it is always smart to call each person’s specific company to find out for sure.

Will the VA or military cover the vasectomy reversal costs?

Yes, sometimes the VA will agree to cover the costs usually for a reverse vasectomy at a VA hospital. The good news is that some of the top vas reversal experts perform vasectomy reversals at VA hospitals. Unfortunately, there are other VA hospitals where a general urologist who has minimal experience or may have no significant training could be the designated reverse vasectomy doctor, so possibly with a much lower success rate. Just as with the VA, active-duty military members can have highly respected fellowship-trained urologists or a doctor with no real expertise perform the vas reversal. It is always smart to find out more about the specific doctor early on wherever the vasectomy reversal will be performed. Just because they can do it does not always mean that they should.

9.How long does it take to get scheduled for my vasectomy reversal?

Most men can be scheduled for a vas reversal from 2 to 8 weeks at our full time, vasectomy reversal center. Some doctors can be booked many months out while others may have available times in a few days. Though we perform reverse vasectomies every day, Monday through Friday of every week here at ICVR, each doctor limits himself to only one vas reversal a day, so this can sometimes push out available dates. We encourage patients to call and talk with our Patient Care Coordinators about what dates work best for each couple.

10.How long does an average vasectomy reversal take?

In skilled and experienced hands, a correctly performed precision vasectomy reversal is usually a 2 to 2 1/2-hour surgery. There are some doctors that will perform a vasectomy reversal in 45 to 60 minutes, often 4 or 5 in a day. We have performed more than 7,000 vasectomy reversals and we simply do not know what these doctors are doing or not doing that allows them to go so fast. I have talked to many respected vas reversal experts who tell me that they wonder if any critical steps are being skipped. They also have concerns about the doctors that routinely take 4 to 6 hours or more to do a routine vasectomy reversal.

11.How quick can we return to sexual activity?

Men are asked to abstain from sexual activity for 14 days after the vasectomy reversal. This 2 week period is important to allow the delicate tissues sewn together to heal and regain enough strength to allow the vas to transport the sperm without leaking. Just as important, it is not wise not to wait longer, as this can lead to scarring and blockage (7).

How soon can men get back to work or begin sports?

It is important to avoid heavy strenuous activity for 2 weeks or more following the vas reversal to allow the tissues to heal. The exact time to wait will depend on the specifics of the job, sports or other activities. Men with desk jobs can return to work a few days later, while police, military, firefighters and construction workers can return right away to light duty for 2+ weeks, then it should be fine to resume normal activity. The time to return to working out, baseball, horseback riding, hockey, jujitsu and other activities will also depend on the specifics of the surgery. For exercise in the gym, usually high reps of low weights are fine after about 2 weeks, then it is usually okay to resume core activities at 3+ weeks. We usually ask men to hold off on any really heavy or super strenuous sports for 3 to 4 weeks.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Insider Experts Recommend Couples Ask About the Vas Reversal Doctor

12. Is the doctor a urologist?

The answer should be an absolute yes! Urologists are the only medical specialists trained with 4 years of intensive urologic residency and training in complex aspects of male reproduction and reconstructive fertility microsurgery. Having this training allows urologists to handle any hormonal or other male fertility questions or issues that often come up before, during or after the vasectomy reversal. I am told by patients that many “self-proclaimed” vasectomy reversal doctors are not even urologists. I have been told that some have not had any significant training in male reproduction or even urologic microsurgery. Patients that come to us for a failed first vasectomy reversal attempt elsewhere tell us that these doctors must believe that whatever knowledge or skills they have from other specialties or from watching someone else perform vas reversals combined with a desire or calling qualifies them to perform vas reversals. At ICVR, both Dr. Marks and Dr. Burrows are highly trained, experienced senior urologists (board certified) who offer the very highest vasectomy reversal success rates, and so the highest chances for having a baby after a vasectomy!

13. Is the doctor a full-time, vasectomy reversal only specialist?

(A sneaky way of getting this answer is to ask, “what other surgeries does the doctor do?”) The highest success rates will usually be with urologists where vas reversals are all they do or at least a large part of the surgeries that they perform. Most general urologists rarely perform vasectomy reversals and so their success can be much lower than the busy true urologic experts. ICVR has been a full-time, vas reversal only center for decades. The entire staff of senior professionals is here for one goal, one purpose – to give every patient the most successful, customized reverse vasectomy and world-class care.

14. Does the urologist limit his practice to just one vasectomy reversal a day?

Almost all of the world’s true experts never do more than one vas reversal a day. By limiting ourselves to only one vasectomy reversal a day, each patient can rest assured that he will get the doctor’s full and undivided attention-to-detail. Every patient knows the surgeon is not pressured to rush to the second or third case that day, nor is he fatigued from earlier vas reversals. ICVR’s doctors each limit their practice to only one vas reversal each day – always have, always will. Because we believe that this is what’s best for each patient.

15. How many vasectomy reversals does the doctor perform each week?

Top vas reversal experts often perform up to 2 to 5 vasectomy reversals every week. It is rare to find top notch urologists that do only an occasional vas reversal as part of a busy general urology practice. I personally am not a fan of the high volume approach where 10 to 15 or more vas reversals are performed by a doctor every week, sometimes 3 or more a day! Dr. Marks and Dr. Burrows together perform on average 5 to 8 vasectomy reversals every week. Of course, there are others that disagree with this and feel that they get the same results performing multiple vas reversals in a day.

16. How many years has the doctor been performing vasectomy reversals?

Ideally it is wise to find a urologic microsurgeon that has been performing vas reversals for several years or more so that they have had enough experience under their belt to have perfected their microsurgical skills and judgment. Dr. Marks has been performing vas reversals for 40 years and Dr. Burrows for more than 30 years.

17. Does the doctor publish papers on vas reversals, present his results at leading specialty urology conferences, write textbooks or chapters and regularly teach other vasectomy reversal doctors about new vas reversal techniques?

The best answer should be yes, it is smart to seek out a doctor that is considered by his or her colleagues to be a true expert. Many doctors only do an occasional vas reversal and are not true experts. Others want their patients to think they are top experts when they may not be. When a doctor presents his results to his colleagues, he is opening up his practice and his results for all to see.

The doctors of ICVR are true authorities and continue to publish important papers plus we have presented at many international meetings about vasectomy reversals, wrote the certification course on vas reversals as well as authored the only textbook for other doctors to learn advanced vasectomy reversal techniques (7). We are just a few of the true experts that continue to be invited to teach the courses at international meetings for more than 15 years to other urologists on how to perform state-of-the-art vas reversals. If a doctor has published a paper, look at the subject matter of the paper. Many times, it has nothing to do with vas reversals or even urology. Of course, just because a doctor published papers does not alone mean that he or she is a skilled microsurgeon, but it is often a good sign.

Frequently Asked Questions About the Vasectomy Reversal Technique

18. Does the urologist perform microscopic analysis of the fluid from the vas during every vasectomy reversal, to look for sperm and then do a vas-to-epididymal (VE) bypass if no sperm are seen?

The answer should be an absolute yes, the doctor should microscopically analyze the vasal fluid to find evidence that the tubes are open or there is epididymal blockage with every vas reversal on each side. Knowing whether sperm are present or absent in the fluid is the only way to know if the deeper system is open and so a vas-to-vas (VV) connection is correct or if there is deeper blockage and so a vas-to-epididymal (VE) bypass is needed (8). Many vas reversal doctors still don’t do a microscopic analysis of the vasal fluid, mistakenly believing that the number of years from vasectomy or the way the fluid looks tells them what vas reversal technique they need to do.

I have been told that some doctors only perform a vas-to-vas connection on every patient, even when they the findings suggest that there is deeper blockage, believing in the “one size fits all” approach. Microscopically looking at the vasal fluid is not a new idea – urologists have known for more than 30 years to do this, and looking for sperm is what is taught in every course and in the textbook we wrote on reverse vasectomies. Analyzing the vasal fluid for sperm is a critical part of every personalized vasectomy reversal at ICVR to decide what correct procedure is needed for that patient, whether a vas-to-vas or a vas-to-epididymal bypass.

19. Does the urologist perform the entire vasectomy reversal, from start to finish?

(or does the doctor use medical students, residents or fellows-in-training to participate in any part of the vasectomy reversal surgery or care?) The very highest success rates will be when the urologic microsurgeon performs the entire vas reversal himself, from start to finish. ICVR does not allow doctors-in-training to perform or even participate in the reverse vasectomy. At our full time, vas reversal only center, each patient gets the top doctor that was selected to do the entire microsurgery to achieve the very highest success rates with the lowest risks for complications. Why settle for anything less?

20. What are the urologist’s thoughts on anti-sperm antibodies after a vasectomy reversal?

The correct answer is that anti-sperm antibodies are not usually an issue and rarely impact on fertility after vas reversal. Study after research study shows that anti-sperm antibodies after vas reversals are not relevant to male fertility in the vast majority of men and play almost no role in natural conception and pregnancy (9,10). Many doctors still believe wrong ideas or misinterpret old studies and so incorrectly think that antibodies commonly play a role. We have heard from many patients that some doctors told them that anti-sperm antibodies always block fertility and so they should not have a vasectomy reversal and go directly to IVF. At ICVR, we rarely see any issues from sperm antibodies. We even did our own research and looked at many patients with and without significant antibodies after a vasectomy reversal and found no difference in fertility and pregnancy rates between the two groups. One of our patients even had 100% anti-sperm antibodies after his vas reversal and still fathered several children naturally.

21. What magnification and vasectomy reversal technique does the doctor use?

The ideal answer should be that he or she uses a high-power surgical microscope with 40X power to perform a precision multi-layer (3 to 4 layer) connection (9). True experts realize that patients will achieve the highest vas reversal success rates, up to 99.5 % for vas-to-vas connections, with the more precise, anatomically correct multi-layer alignment of each of the layers of the vas. This has been studied for decades and should only be done using a high-power surgical microscope. I do not understand why some doctors still use these older and quicker 1- or 2-layer closure vas reversal techniques, often with only magnifying glasses (called Loupes) or basic training microscopes and so lower success rates (11). Dr. Marks and Dr. Burrows will only perform the more precise multi-layer closure for both the vas-to-vas and the vas-to-epididymal connections using a high-power surgical microscope for every vas reversal.

22. What size sutures does the surgeon use for the inner layer of the vasectomy reversal?

The most up-to-date technique that we teach is to use six to seven stitches of the tiniest 10-0 (the higher the number, the thinner the sutures) Nylon micro sutures with a 70 or 100-micron needle on the innermost layer for every vasectomy reversal. It is critical to use the smallest suture thickness on the smallest needle that will do the job. Larger, thicker sutures and needles cause more damage to the tissues, with concerns for increased inflammation and scarring at the connection sites, so a higher risk of delayed failure of the vasectomy reversal. I understand that there are doctors that use thicker 8-0 or even 7-0 on the inner layer. ICVR’s doctors will only us the most delicate 10-0 microsutures to give each patient the very highest vas reversal success rates.

Frequently Asked Questions About the Vasectomy Reversal Care

23. Does the doctor offer long-term continued care after the vas reversal at no additional cost and give all patients his personal cell number?

The answer should be an absolute yes in 2023. Look for doctors that provide direct access to the doctor and continued aftercare relating to the vasectomy reversal for as long as needed. Many doctors think that as soon as the vas reversal is over that they are done, when this is not safe or the standard-of-care in 2023. What they don’t understand is that the aftercare is just as important as the reverse vasectomy and for some, may be more important. In any surgery, aftercare is a critical aspect of the care. How doctors cannot provide this aftercare makes no sense. The doctors of ICVR have always given our patients our cell phone numbers for direct evening and weekend access, and vasectomy reversal aftercare for as long as needed.

24. Does the surgeon offer all patients the option for no-cost sperm banking during the vasectomy reversal?

It is smart to find a doctor where the answer is yes, that they provide no-cost sperm banking during the reverse vasectomy. Only a few top “Centers of Excellence” have a state-of-the-art federally certified andrology lab as part of the vas reversal program. It is smart to look for a doctor where each patient has the option to bank sperm at no charge during the vas reversal. ICVR’s andrology lab provides the option for free sperm banking at the time of the reverse vasectomy, just in case, with the first year of storage at no additional cost. This provides an added level of “peace of mind” and can save our patients many thousands of dollars for sperm retrieval, in the rare situation it might be needed.

25. When does the doctor recommend patients check a semen analysis after the vasectomy reversal?

It is critical to check the first semen analysis to monitor the level of healing, starting at 4 to 6 weeks after the vas reversal, and then regularly to be sure that each patient is achieving and maintaining normal sperm counts and motility (11). There are many doctors that don’t understand the importance of close monitoring of sperm counts after a vas reversal. I have heard from patients that some doctors unfortunately tell patients they don’t need to check a semen analysis for many months or longer after the reverse vasectomy, if at all. Some patients were told that if they are not pregnant in 6 to 12 months then they can check a semen analysis.

This suggests to me that the doctor really doesn’t know or understand how valuable close and regular monitoring of sperm counts can be to achieve the highest vas reversal success rates. Just as important is that the andrologist works with the doctors to review semen analysis results for as many months as needed to ensure the very highest success rates. Close and frequent monitoring of the sperm counts for many months after each person’s vas reversal always gives the very highest success rate, which is what a vasectomy reversal is all about.

We suggest that couples use these answers as a foundation of information when they compare doctors that are being considered. There are many outstanding true vasectomy reversal experts, and then there are many that want patients to think that they are top experts. Though these answers are most often correct for most doctors, there will always be some of the best trained doctors who may not be technically good microsurgeons while some doctors who have minimal to no training and may follow none of these guidelines or suggested care may have excellent results. It is up to each couples to decide what is and is not important when they choose a doctor that is best for their needs.

Remember, all vas reversal doctors are not all equal. Many do not use the same techniques, offer similar care or achieve success rates. Each doctor will have different training, knowledge and skills. The best vas reversal surgeons are usually those that are open and receptive to continuously improving patient care and new techniques, and so are always striving to provide each couple the very best chances for fathering a child.

Choose wisely.

ICVR’s team of senior professionals are available to answer any questions about our personalized, custom full time, vas reversal only practice or about precision microsurgical vasectomy reversals or aftercare. When ready to set up a no-cost, zero obligation consultation by phone, in office, Zoom, Skype or Face Time, with either of our two microsurgeons, please call (888) 722-2929 to start the process.

This page was reviewed, edited and updated January 4, 2023 by Sheldon H.F. Marks, MD.

References:

1.Crosnoe LE, Kim ED, Perkins AR, Marks MB, Burrows PJ, Marks SH. Angled vas cutter for vasovasostomy: technique and results. Fertil Steril 2014;101(3):636-639.
2.Mui P, Perkins A, Burrows PJ, Marks SF, Turek PJ. The need for epididymostomy at vasectomy reversal plateaus in older vasectomies: a study of 1229 cases. Androl 2014;2(1):25-9.
3.Marks SHF, Burrows PJ, Cropp AR, Ax RL, McCauley TC. Obstructive interval should not be a deterrent in vasectomy reversal. Androl 2008;March/April(Suppl):21.
4.Marks SHF. Vasectomy Reversal: Manual of Vasovasostomy and Vasoepididymostomy. New York; Springer; 2018.
5.Harris M, Chung F. Complications of general anesthesia. Clin Plast Surg. 2013 Oct;40(4):503-13.
6.Andino, J, Gonzalez, D, Dupree, JM, Marks S, Ramasamy, R. Reasons for inability to successfully complete a vasectomy reversal. Andrologia. AND-21-079.R2. Accepted for publication.
7.Marks SHF. Vasectomy Reversal: Manual of Vasovasostomy and Vasoepididymostomy. New York; Springer; 2018.
8.Kirby EW, Hockenberry M, Lipshultz LI. Vasectomy reversal: decision making and technical innovations. Transl Androl Urol. 2017 Aug; 6(4): 753–760.
9.Newton RA. IgG antisperm antibodies attached to sperm do not correlate with infertility following vasovasostomy. Microsurgery 1998;9(4):278-280.
10.Marks M, Perkins A, Russell H, Burrows P, Marks S. Antisperm antibodies: prevalence, patterns and impact on natural conception following vasectomy reversal. Fertil Steril 2013;100(3):S375.
11.Schwarzer JU. Vasectomy reversal using a microsurgical three-layer technique: one surgeon’s experience over 18 years with 1300 patients. Int J Androl 2012;35(5):706-13.